【金句】Ludwig von Mises - Without ownership, there is no exchange. Without exchange, no price...

連結

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Without ownership, there is no exchange. Without exchange, there are no prices. Without prices, there is no economic calculation. Without economic calculation, production decisions are made in the dark. When that happens, basic needs go unmet.

沒有所有權，就沒有交換。沒有交換，就沒有價格。沒有價格，就沒有經濟計算。沒有經濟計算，生產決策就是在黑暗中進行。當這種情況發生時，基本需求得不到滿足。

額外內容

fee.org/articles/lud...

Mises’ first serious attack on Communism, or socialism as it was often called, was in a 1920 article. Then two years later, Mises shocked his contemporaries with a book, Socialism, in which he explained that if the Communists wanted to do away with private property, they would be unable to calculate and thus unable to plan production. In a Communist society, he said, in which all property was communally owned, the planners would have to rely on soldiers and hangmen to enforce their edicts.

Without private property, there would be no private owners bidding for goods and services, no exchanges among real owners. Without private owners, each of whom was being guided by the desire for profits and a fear of losses, there would be no market prices to indicate what people wanted and how much they were willing to pay for what they wanted. Without market prices, there would be no competition and no profit and loss system. And without a profit and loss system, there would be no network of interrelated consumer-directed, independent producers. Without private property, competition, market prices, and a profit-and-loss system, the planners would not know what to produce, how much to produce, or how to produce it.

米塞斯對共產主義（或常被稱為社會主義）的首次嚴肅攻擊是在一篇1920年的文章中。兩年之後，米塞斯用一本名為《社會主義》的書震驚了他的同時代人，他在書中解釋說，如果共產主義者想廢除私有財產，他們將無法進行計算，從而無法規劃生產。他說，在一個所有財產都公有化的共產主義社會中，規劃者將不得不依賴士兵和劊子手來執行他們的命令。

沒有私有財產，就沒有私人所有者競標商品和服務，也沒有真實所有者之間的交換。沒有了各自受到利潤渴望和損失恐懼驅動的私人所有者，就不會有市場價格來表明人們想要什麼以及他們願意為所想要的付出多少。沒有市場價格，就沒有競爭和損益系統。沒有損益系統，就不會有相互關聯的、由消費者導向的獨立生產者網絡。沒有私有財產、競爭、市場價格和損益系統，規劃者將不知道生產什麼、生產多少以及如何生產。